Advertisementspot_img

The French presidential candidate who wants to blow up the Franco-German engine

Instead, Mélenchon wants France to strengthen ties with China as well as French-speaking countries in Africa, as well as South American countries. He sees...
HomeScienceReconfigurable mmWave microchips co-integrating hBN switches on GaN

Reconfigurable mmWave microchips co-integrating hBN switches on GaN

Tataria, H. et al. 6G wireless systems: vision, requirements, challenges, insights, and opportunities. Proc. IEEE 109, 1166–1199 (2021).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 

Yole Group launches its first Status of the RF Industry report: a $70 billion market by 2030 in a new era of integration and global competition. Yole Group https://www.yolegroup.com/press-release/yole-group-launches-its-first-status-of-the-rf-industry-report-a-70-billion-market-by-2030-in-a-new-era-of-integration-and-global-competition (2025).

Heydari, P. Transceivers for 6G wireless communications: challenges and design solutions. In Proc. 2021 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC) (eds Dai, F. F. et al.) 1–8 (IEEE, 2021); https://doi.org/10.1109/CICC51472.2021.9431450.

Kim, D. et al. Emerging memory electronics for non-volatile radiofrequency switching technologies. Nat. Rev. Electr. Eng. 1, 10–23 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar 

Huo, Y., Dong, X., Xu, W. & Yuen, M. Enabling multi-Functional 5G and beyond user equipment: a survey and tutorial. IEEE Access 7, 116975–117008 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar 

Psychogiou, D. & Gómez-García, R. Forging the future of sustainable connectivity: hyperflexible and multifunctional RF filtering technologies. IEEE Microw. Mag. 27, 47–61 (2026).

Sobolewski, J. & Yashchyshyn, Y. State of the art sub-terahertz switching solutions. IEEE Access 10, 12983–12999 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar 

Singh, T., Hummel, G., Vaseem, M. & Shamim, A. Recent advancements in reconfigurable mmWave devices based on phase-change and metal insulator transition materials. IEEE J. Microw. 3, 827–851 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar 

Juneja, S., Pratap, R. & Sharma, R. Semiconductor technologies for 5G implementation at millimeter wave frequencies—design challenges and current state of work. Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 24, 205–217 (2021).

Google Scholar 

Strinati, E. C. et al. The hardware foundation of 6G: The NEW-6G approach. In Proc. 2022 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit) (eds O’Donohue, P. & Dauvé, S.) 423–428 (IEEE, 2022); https://doi.org/10.1109/EuCNC/6GSummit54941.2022.9815700.

Cheon, C. D. et al. A new wideband, low insertion loss, high linearity SiGe RF switch. IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 30, 985–988 (2020).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 

Rack, M., Nyssens, L., Wane, S., Bajon, D. & Raskin, J.-P. DC-40 GHz SPDTs in 22 nm FD-SOI and back-gate impact study. In Proc. 2020 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC) (eds Huebert, G. & Wang, H.) 67–70 (IEEE, 2020); https://doi.org/10.1109/RFIC49505.2020.9218317.

Howell, R. S. et al. Advances in the super-lattice castellated field effect transistor (SLCFET) for wideband low loss RF switching applications. In Proc. 2016 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS) (ed. Khanna, A.) 1–3 (IEEE, 2016); https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSYM.2016.7540023.

Florian, C., Gibiino, G. P. & Santarelli, A. Characterization and modeling of RF GaN switches accounting for trap-induced degradation under operating regimes. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 66, 5491–5500 (2018).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 

Thome, F., Brückner, P., Quay, R. & Ambacher, O. Millimeter-wave single-pole double-throw switches based on a 100-nm gate-length AlGaN/GaN-HEMT technology. In Proc. 2019 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS) (eds Gouker, M. & Kushner, L.) 1403–1406 (IEEE, 2019); https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSYM.2019.8700955.

Ghozati, S. U. & Quaglia, R. Ka-band single-pole double-throw switch in GaN MMIC technology. Int. J. Microw. Wirel. Technol. 17, 202–212 (2025).

Sonnenberg, T., Romano, T., Verploegh, S. & Popović, Z. V- and W-band GaN MMIC switches. In Proc. 2023 18th European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference (EuMIC) (eds Zwick, T. & Issakov, V.) 257–260 (IEEE, 2023); https://doi.org/10.23919/EuMIC58042.2023.10288636.

Trinh, K. T., Kao, H.-L., Chiu, H.-C. & Karmakar, N. C. A Ka-band GaAs MMIC traveling-wave switch with absorptive characteristic. IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 29, 394–396 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar 

Lu, D., Liu, J. & Yu, M. Highly selective bandpass switch block with applications of MMIC SPDT switch and switched filter bank. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Lett. 5, 190–193 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar 

Tsao, C.-M. & Hsu, H.-T. An ultra-wideband, high power and high isolation single-pole-double-throw switch using capacitive loading approach. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II 70, 4013–4017 (2023).

Google Scholar 

Zhu, H.-R., Ning, X.-Y., Huang, Z.-X., Guo, Y.-X. & Wu, X.-L. Miniaturized, ultra-wideband and high isolation single pole double throw switch by using π-type topology in GaAs pHEMT technology. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II 68, 191–195 (2021).

Google Scholar 

Shivan, T. et al. A high-isolation and highly linear super-wideband SPDT switch in InP DHBT technology. In Proc. 2020 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS) (eds Lee, T. et al.) 1125–1128 (IEEE, 2020); https://doi.org/10.1109/IMS30576.2020.9223920

Lanza, M. et al. The growing memristor industry. Nature 640, 613–622 (2025).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 

Wainstein, N., Adam, G., Yalon, E. & Kvatinsky, S. Radiofrequency switches based on emerging resistive memory technologies—a survey. Proc. IEEE 109, 77–95 (2021).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 

Wen, C.-Y. et al. A phase-change via-reconfigurable on-chip inductor. In Proc. 2010 International Electron Devices Meeting (eds Ieong, M. et al.) 10.3.1–10.3.4 (IEEE, 2010); https://doi.org/10.1109/IEDM.2010.5703334.

Dykstra, J. et al. A low-loss, wideband, 0–110 GHz SPDT using PCM RF switches with integrated CMOS drivers. In Proc. 2025 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium – IMS 2025 (eds Rosenau, S. & Banwait, J.) 678–681 (IEEE, 2025); https://doi.org/10.1109/IMS40360.2025.11103804.

El-Hinnawy, N., Slovin, G., Moen, K., Masse, C. & Howard, D. A tale of two phases: an overview of phase-change material RF switch technology: sub-20-fs RON*COFF RF switch technology for the mm-wave and 5G/6G revolutions. IEEE Microw. Mag. 25, 57–76 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar 

Leon, A. et al. RF power-handling performance for direct actuation of germanium telluride switches. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 68, 60–73 (2020).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 

Wainstein, N., Orren, A., Nir-Harwood, R.-G., Yalon, E. & Kvatinsky, S. Asymmetric and symmetric single-pole double-throw with improved power handling using indirectly heated phase-change switches. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 72, 344–349 (2025).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 

Anagnostou, D. E., Torres, D., Teeslink, T. S. & Sepulveda, N. Vanadium dioxide for reconfigurable antennas and microwave devices: enabling RF reconfigurability through smart materials. IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 62, 58–73 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar 

Pi, S., Ghadiri-Sadrabadi, M., Bardin, J. C. & Xia, Q. Nanoscale memristive radiofrequency switches. Nat. Commun. 6, 7519 (2015).

Kim, M. et al. Analogue switches made from boron nitride monolayers for application in 5G and terahertz communication systems. Nat. Electron. 3, 479–485 (2020).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 

Yang, S. J. et al. Reconfigurable low-voltage hexagonal boron nitride nonvolatile switches for millimeter-wave wireless communications. Nano Lett. 23, 1152–1158 (2023).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 

Kim, M. et al. Monolayer molybdenum disulfide switches for 6G communication systems. Nat. Electron. 5, 367–373 (2022).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 

Kim, M. et al. Zero-static power radio-frequency switches based on MoS2 atomristors. Nat. Commun. 9, 2524 (2018).

Article 
ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 

Ge, R. et al. Atomristor: nonvolatile resistance switching in atomic sheets of transition metal dichalcogenides. Nano Lett. 18, 434–441 (2018).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 

Pazos, S. et al. Memristive circuits based on multilayer hexagonal boron nitride for millimetre-wave radiofrequency applications. Nat. Electron. 7, 557–566 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar 

Zhu, K. et al. Hybrid 2D–CMOS microchips for memristive applications. Nature 618, 57–62 (2023).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 

Chen, S.-C. et al. HfO2 memristor-based flexible radio frequency switches. ACS Nano 19, 704–711 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 

Shen, Y. et al. Variability and yield in h-BN-based memristive circuits: the role of each type of defect. Adv. Mater. 33, 2103656 (2021).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 

Shen, Y. et al. Two-dimensional-materials-based transistors using hexagonal boron nitride dielectrics and metal gate electrodes with high cohesive energy. Nat. Electron. 7, 856–867 (2024).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 

Lanza, M. et al. Temperature of conductive nanofilaments in hexagonal boron nitride based memristors showing threshold resistive switching. Adv. Electron. Mater. 8, 2100580 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar 

Pazos, S. et al. High-temporal-resolution characterization reveals outstanding random telegraph noise and the origin of dielectric breakdown in h-BN memristors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2213816 (2024).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 

El-Hinnawy, N. et al. Low-loss latching microwave switch using thermally pulsed non-volatile chalcogenide phase change materials. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 013501 (2014).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 

Aspiotis, N. et al. Large-area synthesis of high electrical performance MoS2 by a commercially scalable atomic layer deposition process. npj 2D Mater. Appl. 7, 18 (2023).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 

Lee, J. et al. Atomic layer deposition of layered boron nitride for large-area 2D electronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 36688–36694 (2020).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 

Xie, J. et al. On-chip direct synthesis of boron nitride memristors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 20, 1596–1604 (2025).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 

Chen, M. et al. Ultrawide-bandwidth boron nitride photonic memristors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 20, 1633–1640 (2025).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 

Jayachandran, D., Sakib, N. U. & Das, S. 3D integration of 2D electronics. Nat. Rev. Electr. Eng. 1, 300–316 (2024).

Yang, Y., Peng, Y., Saleem, M. F., Chen, Z. & Sun, W. Hexagonal boron nitride on III–V compounds: a review of the synthesis and applications. Materials 15, 4396 (2022).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 

Chen, S. et al. Wafer-scale integration of two-dimensional materials in high-density memristive crossbar arrays for artificial neural networks. Nat. Electron. 3, 638–645 (2020).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 

Yuan, Y. et al. On-chip atomristors. Mater. Sci. Eng.: R 165, 101006 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar 

Alharbi, O. et al. Integration of Ag-based threshold switching devices in silicon microchips. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 161, 100837 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar 

Zheng, W. et al. Scalable production of highly-reliable graphene-based microchips. Adv. Mater. 37, e10501 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 

Yuan, Y. et al. On the quality of commercial chemical vapour deposited hexagonal boron nitride. Nat. Commun. 15, 4518 (2024).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 

Ghosh, S. et al. A complementary two-dimensional material-based one instruction set computer. Nature 642, 327–335 (2025).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 

Yalon, E. et al. Energy dissipation in monolayer MoS2 electronics. Nano Lett. 17, 3429–3433 (2017).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 

Swoboda, T. et al. Nanoscale temperature sensing of electronic devices with calibrated scanning thermal microscopy. Nanoscale 15, 7139–7146 (2023).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 

Deshmukh, S. et al. Direct measurement of nanoscale filamentary hot spots in resistive memory devices. Sci. Adv. 8, 1514 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar 

Datye, I. M. et al. Localized heating and switching in MoTe2-based resistive memory Devices. Nano Lett. 20, 1461–1467 (2020).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 

Puyoo, E., Grauby, S., Rampnoux, J.-M., Rouvière, E. & Dilhaire, S. Scanning thermal microscopy of individual silicon nanowires. J. Appl. Phys. 109, 024302 (2011).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 

Liu, S. et al. Analysis of the negative-SET behaviors in Cu/ZrO2/Pt devices. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 11, 542 (2016).

Article 
ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 

Pozar, D. M. Microwave Engineering (Wiley, 2012).

Hong, J.-S. Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications (Wiley, 2011); https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470937297.fmatter.

Shinjo, S., Nakatani, K., Tsutsumi, K. & Nakamizo, H. Integrating the front end: a highly integrated RF front end for high-SHF wide-band massive MIMO in 5G. IEEE Microw. Mag. 18, 31–40 (2017).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 

Skrimponis, P. et al. Towards energy efficient mobile wireless receivers above 100 GHz. IEEE Access 9, 20704–20716 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar 

Mondal, S. & Paramesh, J. A reconfigurable 28-/37-GHz MMSE-adaptive hybrid-beamforming receiver for carrier aggregation and multi-standard MIMO communication. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 54, 1391–1406 (2019).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 

Xu, Z. R. et al. Conductive bridging-based memristive RF switches on a silicon substrate. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 70, 24–34 (2022).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 

Pazos, S. M. et al. Reconfigurable mmWave microchips co-integrating hBN switches on GaN — source data. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20328995 (2026).


Source:

www.nature.com